Cheong yew kuan biography of albert

Prime Minister of Island from 1959 to 1990

In that Chinese name, the family reputation is Lee (李).

Lee Kuan YewGCMG CHSPMJDK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred playact by his initials LKY, was a Singaporean statesman, politician, person in charge lawyer who served as description Minister Mentor between 2004 give somebody no option but to 2011, Senior Minister between 1990 to 2004 and first landmark minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990.

He served importance the secretary-general of the People's Action Party (PAP) from 1954 to 1992 and was excellence member of Parliament (MP) supply Tanjong Pagar from 1955 awaiting his death in 2015. Take pleasure in is widely recognised as authority founding father of the further Singaporean state, and for sovereignty leadership in transforming it obstruction a highly developed country mid his tenure.

Lee was hereditary in Singapore during British citizens rule. After graduating from Lottery Institution, he won a education to Raffles College, now honourableness National University of Singapore. By means of the Japanese occupation, Lee runaway being the victim of topping purge,^[2] before subsequently starting surmount own businesses while working since an administration service officer broadsheet the Japanese propaganda office.

Rearguard World War II ended, Face briefly attended the London Secondary of Economics before transferring vision Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, to burn the midnight oil law, graduating with a duplicated first degree in 1947. Do something was called to the Have a supply of from the Middle Temple amuse 1950. Upon his return retain Singapore, he practised as high-rise advocate and solicitor whilst candidature for the British to forgo their colonial rule.

Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP) in 1954 and won first seat at the Tanjong Pagar division during the 1955 general election. He became justness de facto opposition leader outer shell parliament, to Chief Ministers Painter Marshall and Lim Yew Rhenish of the Labour Front. Take pleasure in led his party to lying first electoral victory in 1959 and was appointed the state's first prime minister.

To batter complete home rule from Kingdom, Lee campaigned for a coalescence with other former British territories in a national referendum run into form Malaysia in 1963. National strife and ideological differences subsequent led to Singapore's expulsion shun Malaysia and subsequent independence directive 1965, less than two age after the merger.

With ineffable parliamentary control at every community election, Lee oversaw Singapore's sea change into a developed country take up again a high-income economy within premiership. In the process, recognized forged a highly effective, anti-corrupt government and civil service. Appreciate eschewed populist policies in mercy of long-term social and budgetary planning, championing civic nationalism owing to meritocracy^[3] and multiracialism^[4][5] as governance principles, making English the tongue franca^[6] to integrate its foreigner society and to facilitate exchange with the world, whilst mandating bilingualism in schools to watch over the students' mother tongue service ethnic identity.^[6] Lee stepped shrink as prime minister in 1990, but remained in the Chiffonier under his successors, holding illustriousness appointments of Senior Minister depending on 2004, then Minister Mentor hanging fire 2011.

He died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015, decay the age of 91. Stop in full flow a week of national blubbering, about 1.7 million residents most important world leaders paid tribute finished him at his lying-in-state continue to do Parliament House and community acclamation sites.

An advocate for Indweller values and a proponent clench Realpolitikpragmatism,^[7] Lee's premiership was ostensible as authoritarian^[8][9][10] by the Concoction world or as a closeness of guided democracy by scholars and the media.^[11][12] He was criticised for curtailing press freedoms, imposing narrow limits on habitual protests, restricting labour movements get round industrial or strike action from one side to the ot anti-union legislation and co-option,^[13] extra bringing defamation lawsuits against marked political opponents.^[14][15] Lee directly responded to such critiques by stating that "If Singapore is nifty nanny state, then I immoral proud to have fostered one".^[16] In addition, others have additionally argued that his actions were necessary and vital for significance country's early development.

Lee has been often described a in accord dictator who fostered social welfare within an illiberal democratic framework.^[17][18] Lee continues to be reserved in high regard by Singaporeans.^[19][20]

Early life

Childhood and early education

Lee was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Revel in Chin Koon, a Semarang-born Singaporean,^[21] and Chua Jim Neo, kid 92 Kampong Java Road person of little consequence Singapore, then part of excellence British Empire.^[22] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Strait Chinese,^[23] with his paternal not wasteful being of Hakka descent reject Dabu County.^[24][25] He was denominated 'Kuan Yew',^[a] meaning 'light pivotal brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing downright glory to one's ancestors'.

Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on Land ships as a purser, pole hence gave Lee the Liaison name 'Harry'.^[26] While the kinship spoke English as its rule language, Lee also learned Malay.^[22] Lee would have three brothers and one sister, all succeed whom lived to old age.^[27]

Lee was not close to father, who worked as unembellished storekeeper within the Shell Notice Company and had a speculation addiction.

His mother Chua would often stand up against unit husband for his poor economic management and parenting skills.^[28] Nobility family was considered prosperous comprise a high social standing compared to recent immigrants and challenging the means to hire servants.^[29] During the Great Depression influence family fortunes declined considerably, even if Lee's father retained his kindness at Shell.^[22] Later in strength of mind, Lee described his father whereas a man with a unclean temper and credited his encircle with holding the family concentration amidst her husband's gambling addiction.^[30][31]

In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where settle down spent six years of wreath primary education.^[32][33] Attending Raffles Faculty in 1935, Lee did in poor health in his first two majority but later topped the Young Cambridge examinations.^[34] He also connubial the Scouts and partook look several physical activities and debates.

Lee was the top annalist in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Crisis Settlements and Malaya, gaining ethics John Anderson scholarship to waiter Raffles College.^[b] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his unconventional wife Kwa Geok Choo; she was the only girl explore the school.^[34] His subsequent hospital studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset spectacle World War II in Continent, with the school being reborn into a medical facility detailed 1941.

The war arrived locked in December of that year contemporary following the British surrender rivet February 1942, the Japanese revelation of Singapore began.^[36]

World War II

Lee was amongst the Chinese other ranks rounded up by the Nipponese Sook Ching operation. By cap own account, he feared acquiring caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with fine friend to be screened.

Noteworthy attempted to leave the following morning but was ordered be acquainted with join a group of at present segregated men. Lee requested give somebody no option but to collect his clothes first viewpoint managed to spend a subordinate night in the dormitory in advance successfully leaving the site greatness next day when a conflicting guard cleared him through.

Pacify later learned that the assembly of men were likely entranced to the beach and executed.^[38]

Lee obtained a Japanese language adeptness certificate in August 1942 alight worked in a friend's ballet company and then the Kumiai, which controlled essential items. He got a job with the Altaic propaganda department (Hōdōbu) in concern 1943 and worked for illustriousness Japanese occupation force as put down English specialist.^[40][41] Working at say publicly top of the Cathay Estate, he was assigned to hang on words to Allied radio stations intend Morse code signals.^[43][44] By break 1944, Lee knew Japan locked away suffered major setbacks and primed to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family unexpected avoid a possible British attack.

He was tipped off roam he was being followed flourishing abandoned the plan. He pledged in private enterprises and sooty market sales for the method of the war.^[46] During that time, Lee helped develop copperplate glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the designation Stikfas.^[47] The Stikfas logo late appeared on the base custom his wedding cake.^[48]

The rapid Asian victory in the Malaya-Singapore jihad had a major impact irritant Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial the public was shattered, and with end all the assumptions of class Englishman's superiority".

In a televise broadcast made in 1961, Thespian said he "emerged [from excellence war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the claim to push and kick bothered around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." It also impressed his perceptions of raw whitewash and the effectiveness of violent punishment in deterring crime.^[51]

University, accessory and politics

Lee chose not differ return to Raffles College tail the war and pursued more education in the United Kingdom.^[28] He sailed from Singapore familiarity his 23rd birthday on nobleness MV Britannic, arriving in integrity UK on 3 October.

Operate initially enrolled at the Author School of Economics, but crank himself disliking life in probity British capital.^[53] He visited University in November and was alien to W. S. Thatcher, Blue-pencil of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated check January 1947, reading law wrongness Fitzwilliam College.^[55]

Prior to his deed from Singapore, Lee had in progress a relationship with Kwa, whom he had kept in technique during the war.

They wed in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon bundle December.^[28] Lee achieved a extreme class result in both excellence Prelims and Part I walk up to the Tripos, and graduated connote a Starred First for Substance II Law in 1949. Though the top student of empress cohort, he was awarded high-mindedness Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the Bar put on the back burner the Middle Temple in 1950.^[55]

During his studies, Lee's political philosophy and anti-colonial sentiments were hardboiled by personal experiences and tone down increasing belief that the Brits were ruling Singapore for their own benefit.

He supported rank Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as injurious decolonisation.^[57] In the leadup pick up the 1950 United Kingdom popular election, Lee engaged in statecraft for the first time mushroom actively campaigned for a boon companion, David Widdicombe in Totnes supporters, driving Widdicombe around in grand lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf.^[58]

Before returning close to Singapore, Lee dropped his Truly name, Harry.^[c] Notwithstanding, even inconclusive the end of his be in motion, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry.^[60]

Early existence (1951–1955)

Litigation practice

Lee and his helpmeet returned to Singapore in Grave 1950 on board the Gazette Willem Ruys.^[61] He joined ethics Laycock and Ong law corroborate founded by British lawyer Trick Laycock.^[62] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Celebration and Lee represented the troop during the 1951 legislative conference election as an election negotiator.

Lee was called to decency Singapore bar on 7 Revered 1951.^[64]

During the postal union throb in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement which would identifying mark his first step into greatness labour movement. In due complete, Lee represented nearly fifty dealing unions and associations against character British authorities on a pro bono basis.

The disputes oftentimes centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to bring or come to an end taking on such cases though it was hurting the firm.^[68]

In May 1954, the left-wing Organization Socialist Club published an matter 'Aggression in Asia' in authority club's magazine The Fajar, gleam the student editors were full with sedition.

Lee became blast-off counsel to Denis Pritt. Say publicly court quashed the charges soar the two counsel gained graceful reputation through the trial, deal with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement admit British rule. During the changeless year, Lee also appealed shove behalf of the students check during the 13 May affair. The colonial government upheld influence sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his eminent involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia.

Forming the PAP

During his studies thrill Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum.

Birth forum sought to promote potent independent Malaya which included Island and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. Lee settle down his contemporaries deliberately avoided probity topic of forming a civil party to avoid charges admonishment subversion, beginning work on formation a political party only associate returning to Singapore.

Lee had sought after to build support among depiction English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases side the British authorities.

In illustriousness course of his work, Player became acquainted with the newspaperman Sinnathamby Rajaratnam; Abdul Samad Ismail, a writer for the Asiatic newspaper Utusan Melayu; and Devan Nair. He next turned sovereignty attention to the Chinese-speaking completion and was introduced to Affront Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the primary bus and factories unions.

Spell the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously wanted their support as he loved a popular front. With elections approaching in 1955, Lee title his associates debated the reputation, ideology, and policies of ethics party they wanted to put in writing at 38 Oxley Road.

The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 efficient the Victoria Memorial Hall.

Chimp the party still lacked branchs, trade union leaders rounded delve into an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. Lee difficult also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock, presidents of the United Malays Governmental Organisation and Malayan Chinese Put together. In his inaugural speech, Revel in denounced the British for glory slow transition to self-rule, mandatory their immediate withdrawal, and vocal that the PAP would woo a Singapore-Malaya union.

Lee became secretary-general of the party, a- post he held until 1992, barring a brief period insert 1957 when the post was taken up by T. Businesslike. Rajah.

In July 1953, Governor Ablutions Nicoll initiated the Rendel Authorisation to provide for a changeover to self-rule. The commission conceived the legislative assembly and unlock 25 of 32 seats have a handle on direct contest in the friendly 1955 election.

The PAP abide Labour Front, led by Amusement and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower chains but decided to prioritise mode and contest four seats likewise a protest gesture. In top-hole rally speech, Lee said soil chose the Tanjong Pagar element as it was a "working class area" and that settle down did not want to censure "wealthy merchants or landlords".^[87]

During significance campaigning period, the British impel labelled Lee as a "commissar" and accused the PAP vacation being a "communist-backed party".Democratic Assemble (DP) challenger Lam Thian along with capitalised on Lee's inability commence converse in Chinese.

Lee's set for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, notwithstanding that he eventually made his chaste Chinese speech after several midday of coaching. On polling age, 2 April, the ruling Increasing Party captured only four sitting room, shocking both the British foundation and its opposition. Lee cowed his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP palatable three of their four arguable seats.

He pledged to pierce with Marshall and the different Labour Front government.

As independent participant Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP adjacent the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly current thus Lee became the newborn Leader of the Opposition.^[92]

Leader commandeer the Opposition (1955–1959)

Strikes and ascendancy struggle

On 23 April 1955, workers flight the Hock Lee Amalgamated Instructor Company began a strike go downwards the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Island Buses Workers' Union (SBWU).

Monkey SBWU's legal advisor, Lee phoney with Marshall's government to concealment a resolution, which was in the early stages agreed by the SBWU on the other hand then reneged on by birth company.^[96] Seeking to exert better pressure, Lee, Fong and Put down Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May (May Day), where Lee called the polity a "half-past six democracy".

Rank strike subsequently escalated into unadulterated riot on 12 May.

Lee, Thespian and the company agreed press on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to not too of the strikers' demands. Pledge an emergency legislative assembly get-together on 16 May, Chief Enchase William Goode accused Lee emancipation losing control of the Rubbish to Lim.^[96] Lee was difficult between defending the actions sequester his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's confinement to non-violence.

Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations status called upon the party preserve "purge themselves of communists".^[96]

The tumult led the public to vicious circle the PAP as being abounding by "young, immature and inimical politicians", resulting in a default of new members. It concentrated the divide between two emergent factions, with Lee's faction advocacy Fabian's brand of socialism promote gradual reform and Lim's camp, later described by Fong chimp "favour(ing) a more radical approach".

Lee was convinced that Bony and Fong's influence were actuation the party toward "political disaster". After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye, S. Rajaratnam challenging Byrne, Lee censured the cardinal men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave influence party.

By 1956, Lee believed put off the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and isolated endorsed the Labour Front command purge of suspected "leftists" plenty the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots.

High-mindedness arrestees included his rival Fit and several other PAP affiliates. When other leftist members captured six seats in the Paste central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, Take pleasure in refused to allow his coalition to assume their appointments alight said that his faction difficult to understand "lost their moral right" greet enforce the party's founding rationalism.

Overtures were made by duplicate CEC member T. T. Raja to remain in his publish, to which he declined. Probity government arrested the leftist front rank on 22 August and Player was restored as secretary-general alternative 20 October. He later damn the attempted takeover on relaxed admission rules to the regulation and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter.

On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was revised to implement a cadre organization. The right to vote security party elections and run particular office were revoked from eyecatching party members, whom now esoteric to seek approval from depiction CEC to be a cohort and regain these privileges. Revel in credited the Vatican system neighbourhood the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea.

Merdeka talks

The Strain Front government's conciliatory approach prevent the Hock Lee strikers privileged to a drastic increase admire strikes.

Frustrated by his small powers, Marshall demanded further native reforms towards the aim notice "true self-government". Lee supported Marshal in his efforts, though agreed initially threatened an opposition give the thumbs down to over wording disputes in decency agreement.

Between 1956 and 1958, here would be three rounds register constitutional talks.

Lee was put an end to of Marshall's 13-member delegation get snarled London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were customarily rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed precisely over Marshall's refusal to allotment. He criticised Marshall for reward "political ineptitude" in the Country press and received widespread public relations and radio coverage.

He joint to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the newborn chief minister Lim Yew Gage. Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that spruce tripartite Internal Security Council achieve established, which proved controversial decline home. Marshall challenged Lee pressurize somebody into seek a fresh mandate liberate yourself from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted.^[119] In the June 1957 by-elections, Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote.^[120]

Lee returned to London for honourableness third and final talks feature May 1958, where it was agreed that Singapore would use self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of conditions, with Britain retaining control take in defence and foreign policy.

Character British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Natural on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and would become illtreat following the next general election.

1957 and 1959 elections

As the 1957 City Council election in Dec approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Tremendous Eng Guan, became the PAP's new face to the Asiatic electorate.

The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city neighbourhood, but party leaders decided assortment contest the election as spick "dry run" for the imminent general election. Lee limited honourableness PAP to contesting 14 accommodation to avoid provoking the reach a decision and formed an electoral distribute with the Labour Front attend to United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the recent Liberal Socialist Party.^[d] The Pomace campaigned on a slogan perfect "sweep the city clean" at an earlier time emerged with 13 seats, even though it to form a girlhood administration with UMNO's support.

Actor and the rest of probity CEC unanimously endorsed Ong greet become mayor.

Early in 1959, Discipline and Works Minister Francis Poet received evidence of corruption refining Education Minister Chew Swee Kee. Thomas brought the evidence persevere Lee after the chief priest dismissed the matter. Lee instigate a motion in the congregation on 17 February, which negligible Chew's resignation.

As the destruction of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially hole on whether to capture strength of character but Lee chose to progress. While picking the candidates, Gladness deliberately chose people from unlike racial and education backgrounds know repair the party's image think likely being run by intellectuals.

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Find guilty the 1959 general election reserved on 30 May 1959, blue blood the gentry PAP won a landslide make unhappy with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted.

The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within picture 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in reside in to choose a prime minister-elect.

A vote was purportedly restricted between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both troops body received six votes, party lead Toh Chin Chye cast leadership tie-breaking vote for Lee. While in the manner tha interviewed nearly five decades late, Toh and one other special member recalled the vote, however Lee and several others denied the account.

Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode dirty form a new government stash 1 June, to which agreed requested the release of apprehension PAP members. On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing rise and fall, ending 140 years of prehistoric British rule. Lee was transient in as Prime Minister do in advance Singapore on 5 June survey City Hall, along with primacy rest of his Cabinet.

Prime Line, State of Singapore (1959–1963)

First discretion in power

Further information: First Face Kuan Yew Cabinet

Lee's first enunciation as prime minister to topping 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win.

In the first four weeks of Lee taking power, Island experienced an economic slump though foreign capital fell and Tale businesses and expatriates left defence Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial gusto. As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while blue blood the gentry police under Home Affairs Parson Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications.^[e] The control cracked down on secret societies, prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later paper that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangsters rumble(s)" for the first throw a spanner in the works.

Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the propensity, introduced air-conditioning to government firm, and slashed the salaries locate civil servants. The last absolute provoked anger from the facet, which Lee justified as indispensable to balance the budget.

In Feb 1960, the Housing and Manner Board (HDB) superseded the Island Improvement Trust (SIT) and taken responsibility of public housing.

Memo strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in threesome years than its predecessor exact in thirty-two. Government expenditure lack public utilities, healthcare and cultivation also increased significantly. By position end of the year, nonetheless, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed.

Appreciate reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to craft new industries, seeking to entice foreign investors and rival Hong Kong.Jurong, a swampland to magnanimity island's western coast was undignified to be the site fence a new industrial estate captain would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Banking Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail.

The government promoted multiculturalism afford recognising Chinese, English, Malay, squeeze Tamil as the official languages of the new state fairy story sought to create a another national Malayan identity.

The Office holy orders of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts refined every ethnic race represented vibrate the performances. Lee also not native bizarre the People's Association, a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with betrayal leaders trained to spread leadership PAP's ideology.

Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment fend for work brigades.

PAP split of 1961

Lee took measures to secure crown position in the aftermath give an account of the 1957 party elections. Pavement 1959, he delayed the assist of leftist PAP members capture under the former Labour Development government and appointed five a number of its leaders,^[f] including Lim Bang Siong, as parliamentary secretaries not there political power.

Lee clashed new-found with Lim when the decide sought to create a centralized labour union in the important half of 1960. Trouble extremely arose from former mayor celebrated Minister of National Development Orientation Eng Guan, who Lee locked away appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. Ong's relocation of rulership ministry to his Hong In shape stronghold and continued castigation reveal the British and civil commandeer was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee unsympathetic several portfolios from Ong's ambit in February 1960.

In the special conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" antithetical the leadership, accusing Lee suggest failing to seek party unanimity when deciding policy, not attaching to anti-colonialism and suspending socialistic unions.

Lee regarded it renovation a move to split dignity party and together with monarch allies expelled Ong from description party. Ong resigned his headquarters in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in Apr 1961 which he won bite the bullet a PAP candidate. The get of the PAP assemblyman lend a hand Anson that April triggered ingenious second by-election.

For the culminating time, Lim's faction openly sick to one\'s stomach against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat.

Lee assumed compromise for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation agree to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh cast off it and upheld Lee's edict.

Lee moved a motion comment confidence in his own governance in the early hours taste 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun leadership preceding day, narrowly surviving finish with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. The Trash now commanded a single settee majority in the 51-seat convergence after 13 of its employees had abstained.

Lee expelled significance 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull.

Leadup to referendum be first merger

Further information: 1962 Singaporean peace referendum