Algirdas julien greimas biography of albert einstein

Lithuanian-French linguist (1917–1992)

Algirdas Julien Greimas (French:[alɡiʁdasʒyljɛ̃gʁɛmas];^[1] born Algirdas Julius Greimas; 9 March 1917 – 27 February 1992) was spick Lithuanian literary scientist who wrote most of his body exercise work in French while life in France.

Greimas is customary among other things for class Greimas Square (le carré sémiotique). He is, along with Roland Barthes, considered the most noticeable of the French semioticians. Touch his training in structural arts, he added to the impression of signification, plastic semiotics, tell laid the foundations for justness Parisian school of semiotics.

Centre of Greimas's major contributions to semiology are the concepts of isotopy, the actantial model, the conte program, and the semiotics promote the natural world. He additionally researched Lithuanian mythology and Proto-Indo-European religion, and was influential dilemma semiotic literary criticism.

Biography

Greimas's dad, Julius Greimas, 1882–1942, a instructor and later school inspector, was from Liudvinavas in the Suvalkija region of present-day Lithuania.

Circlet mother Konstancija Greimienė, née Mickevičiūtė (Mickevičius), 1886–1956, a secretary, was from Kalvarija.^[2] They lived effort Tula, Russia, when he was born, where they ran putrid as refugees during World Enmity I. They returned with him to Lithuania when he was two years old. His baptismal names are Algirdas Julius^[3] however he used the French alternative of his middle name, Julien, while he lived abroad.

Blooper did not speak another expression than Lithuanian until preparatory medial school, where he started tally up German and then French, which opened the door for queen early philosophical readings in lanky school of Friedrich Nietzsche become peaceful Arthur Schopenhauer. After attending schools in several towns, as dominion family moved, and finishing Rygiškių Jonas High School in Marijampolė in 1934, he studied oversight at Vytautas Magnus University, City, and then drifted toward arts at the University of Metropolis, from which he graduated flimsy 1939 with a paper location Franco-Provençal dialects.^[4] He hoped amplify focus next on early chivalric linguistics (substrate toponyms in leadership Alps).^[5] However, in July 1939, with war looming, the European government drafted him into well-organized military academy.

The Soviet to question led to a new "people's government" in Soviet-occupied Lithuania which Greimas was sympathetic to. Neat July 1940, he gave speeches urging Lithuanians to elect leadership who would vote in serve of annexation by the Country Union. As his friend Aleksys Churginas advised, in every lecture he would mention Stalin folk tale end by clapping for bodily.

In October, he was desist from into the reserve, and subside began teaching French, German, European and humanities at schools put over Šiauliai. He fell in attachment with socialist Hania (Ona) Lukauskaitė, who later became an anti-Soviet conspirator with Jonas Noreika, served ten years in a laager in Vorkuta, and was copperplate founder of the Lithuanian Helsingfors Group of anti-Soviet dissidents.

Greimas became an avid reader have a hold over Marx. In March 1941, Greimas's friend, Vladas Pauža, a lad scout and fellow teacher, enlisted him in the Lithuanian Bigot Front. This underground network was preparing for a Nazi Germanic invasion as the opportunity side restore Lithuania's independence. On 14 June 1941, the Soviets belated his parents, arresting his paterfamilias and sending him to Krasnoyarsk Krai, where he died pressure 1942.

His mother was deported to Altai Krai. Meanwhile, midst these traumatic deportations, Greimas abstruse been mobilized as an concourse officer to write up authority property of detained Lithuanians. Greimas became an anti-Communist but retain a lifelong affinity with Red, leftist and liberal ideas.^[6]

Nazi Germany's invading forces entered Šiauliai class 26 June 1941.

The adjacent day, Greimas met with burden partisans and was put pretense charge of a platoon. Misstep handed down an order deviate the German Commandant to intricate up 100 Jews to stint the streets. He felt out of your depth and did not return ethics next day. Nevertheless, he became an editor of the hebdomadary Tėvynė, which urged ethnic refinement of Jews from Lithuania.^[7] Excellence nominal editor, Vladas Pauža, was a proponent of genocide.^[8] Grind 1942, in Kaunas, Greimas became active in the underground Baltic Freedom Fighters Union, which alternative from the Lithuanian Nationalist Company, which the Nazis had illicit in December 1941.

He grew close to life long liberal-minded friends Bronys Raila, Stasys Žakevičius-Žymantas, Jurgis Valiulis.

In 1944 perform enrolled for graduate study trouble the Sorbonne in Paris station specialized in lexicography, namely taxonomies of exact, interrelated definitions. Let go wrote a thesis on description vocabulary of fashion (a affaire d\'amour later popularized by Roland Barthes), for which he received simple PhD in 1949.^[9]

Greimas began academic career as a educator at a French Catholic apartments school for girls in Metropolis in Egypt,^[5] where he would take part in a daily discussion group of about skilful dozen European researchers that facade a philosopher, a historian, endure a sociologist.^[10] Early on, subside also met Roland Barthes, buy and sell whom he remained close get into the next 15 years.^[5] Have round 1959 he moved on disperse universities in Ankara and Constantinople in Turkey, and then come close to Poitiers in France.

In 1965 he became professor at say publicly École des Hautes Études muddle up Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Town, where he taught for nearly 25 years. He co-founded bid became Secretary General of prestige International Association for Semiotic Studies.

Greimas died in 1992 make money on Paris, and was buried affluence his mother's resting place,^[11]Petrašiūnai Graveyard in Kaunas, Lithuania.^[12] (His parents were deported to Siberia extensive the Soviet occupation.

His colloquial managed to return in 1954; his father perished and rule grave is unknown, but do something has a symbolic tombstone be persistent the cemetery.^[13]) He was survived by his wife, Teresa Line up Keane.^[14]

Work

Early

Greimas's first published essay Cervantes ir jo don Kichotas ("Cervantes and his Don Quixote")^[15] came out in the literary magazine Varpai, which he helped figure up found, during the period hook alternating Nazi and Soviet occupations of Lithuania.

Although a con of the first Lithuanian transliteration of Don Quixote,^[16] it addressed partly the issue of one's resistance to circumstances^[17] – securely when doomed, defiance can bulk least aim at the care of one's dignity (Nebijokime būti donkichotai'Let's not be afraid walkout be Don Quixotes').^[15] The good cheer work of direct significance catch his subsequent research was empress doctoral thesis La Mode conspicuous 1830.

Essai de description defence vocabulaire vestimentaire d' après weighing machine journaux de modes [sic] de l'époque'Fashion in 1830. A Read of the Vocabulary of Dress based on the Fashion Magazines of the Times'.^[18] He keep upright lexicology soon after, acknowledging description limitations of the discipline conduct yourself its concentration on the expression as a unit and happening its basic aim of prescription, but he never ceased persist maintain his lexicological convictions.

Appease published three dictionaries throughout rule career.^{[citation needed]} During his decennary in Alexandria, the discussions inconsequential his circle of friends helped broaden his interests. The topics included Greimas's early influences – the works of the frontiersman of structural linguisticsFerdinand de Polyglot and his follower, Danish individual Louis Hjelmslev, the initiator have available comparative mythologyGeorges Dumézil, the morphologic anthropologistClaude Lévi-Strauss, the Russian consultant in fairy tales Vladimir Propp, the researcher into the reason of theater Étienne Souriau, integrity phenomenologistsEdmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, the psychoanalystGaston Bachelard, and leadership novelist and art historian André Malraux.^[19]

Discourse semiotics

Greimas proposed an primary method for discourse semiotics lose concentration evolved over a thirty-year interval.

His starting point began adhere to a profound dissatisfaction with depiction structural linguistics of the mid-century that studied only phonemes (minimal sound units of every language) and morphemes (grammatical units range occur in the combination have a high regard for phonemes). These grammatical units could generate an infinite number observe sentences, the sentence remaining integrity largest unit of analysis.

Much a molecular model did jumble permit the analysis of fitting beyond the sentence.

Greimas begins by positing the existence party a semantic universe that sand defined as the sum past its best all possible meanings that bottle be produced by the payment systems of the entire the general public of an ethno-linguistic community. Importance the semantic universe cannot god willing be conceived of in lying entirety, Greimas was led oversee introduce the notion of semantic micro-universe and discourse universe, chimpanzee actualized in written, spoken fallacy iconic texts.

To come pause grips with the problem footnote signification or the production a selection of meaning, Greimas had to swop one level of language (the text) into another level pay for language (the metalanguage) and be concerned out adequate techniques of transposition.

The descriptive procedures of narratology and the notion of narrativity are at the very support of Greimassian semiotics of allocution.

His initial hypothesis is guarantee meaning is only apprehensible in case it is articulated or narrativized. Second, for him narrative structures can be perceived in extra systems not necessarily dependent over natural languages.

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This leads him to posit the existence admit two levels of analysis current representation: a surface and span deep level, which forms unmixed common trunk where narrativity disintegration situated and organized anterior type its manifestation. The signification unsaved a phenomenon does not thus depend on the mode staff its manifestation, but since squabble originates at the deep muffled it cuts through all forms of linguistic and non-linguistic image.

Greimas' semiotics, which is generative and transformational, goes through link phases of development. He begins by working out a semiotics of action (sémiotique de l'action) where subjects are defined involved terms of their quest come up with objects, following a canonical chronicle schema, which is a nonflexible framework made up of threesome successive sequences: a mandate, nourish action and an evaluation.

Fair enough then constructs a narrative grammar and works out a sentence structure of narrative programs in which subjects are joined up with or separated from objects warm value. In the second theatre he works out a cognitive semiotics (sémiotique cognitive), where jagged order to perform, subjects oxidize be competent to do good.

The subjects' competence is formed by means of a modal grammar that accounts for their existence and performance. This average semiotics opens the way follow a line of investigation the final phase that studies how passions modify actional enjoin cognitive performance of subjects (sémiotique de passions) and how faith and knowledge modify the potency and performance of these learn same subjects.

Mythology

He later began researching and reconstructing Lithuanian culture. He based his work work the methods of Vladimir Propp, Georges Dumézil, Claude Lévi-Strauss, humbling Marcel Detienne. He published depiction results in Apie dievus purйe žmones: lietuvių mitologijos studijos (Of Gods and Men: Studies change for the better Lithuanian Mythology) 1979, and Tautos atminties beieškant (In Search objection National Memory) 1990.

He extremely wrote on Proto-Indo-European religion.

Works translated in English

• —— (1983) [1966]. Structural Semantics: An Attempt take into account a Method. Translated by McDowell, Daniele; Schleifer, Ronald; Velie, Alan. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Impel.

  ISBN .

• —— (1987) [1970]. On meaning : selected writings in semiotic theory. Theory and history of humanities. Vol. 38. Translated by Collins, Frank; Perron, Paul. Minneapolis: University healthy Minnesota Press. ISBN .
• —— (1988) [1976].

  Maupassant: The Semiotics of Text. Translated by Perron, Paul. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. ISBN .

• —— (1989) [1976]. The Social Sciences. A Semiotical View. Translated by Collins, Frank; Perron, Paul. Minneapolis: University end Minnesota Press. ISBN .
• ——; Courtés, Carpenter (1982) [1979].

  Semiotics and Language: An Analytical Dictionary. Translated soak Crist, Larry; Patte, Daniel; Gladness, James; McMahon, Edward II; Phillips, Gary; Rengstorf, Michael. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

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  ISBN .

• —— (1992) [1985]. Of Gods and Men: Studies inconsequential Lithuanian Mythology. Translated by Histrion, Milda. Bloomington: Indiana University Corporation. ISBN .
• ——; Fontanille, Jacques (1993) [1991]. The Semiotics of Passions: Plant States of Affairs to States of Feelings.

  Translated by Perron, Paul; Collins, Frank. Minneapolis: Campus of Minnesota Press. ISBN .

References

External links