Ramon y cajal biography cortal consors


Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Spanish neuroscientist (1852–1934)

In this Spanish name, the rule or paternal surname is Ramón and the second or maternal kith and kin name is Cajal.

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Ramón sarcastic Cajal in 1899

Born(1852-05-01)1 May 1852

Petilla de Aragón, Spain

Died17 October 1934(1934-10-17) (aged 82)

Madrid, Spain

NationalitySpanish
EducationUniversity of Zaragoza
Known forFathering contemporary neuroscience
Discovery of the neuron
Cajal intent, Cajal–Retzius cell, Interstitial cell closing stages Cajal, Neuron doctrine, Growth strobilus, Dendritic spine, Long-term potentiation, Covered fiber, Neurotrophic theory, Axo-axonic synapse, Pioneer axon, Pyramidal cell, Radiate glial cell, Retinal ganglion apartment, Trisynaptic circuit, Visual map theory
AwardsNobel Prize in Physiology or Brake (1906)
Scientific career
FieldsNeuroscience
Pathology
Histology
InstitutionsUniversity of Valencia
Complutense University of Madrid
University of Barcelona

Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Spanish:[sanˈtjaɣoraˈmonikaˈxal]; 1 May 1852 – 17 October 1934)[1][2] was a Nation neuroscientist, pathologist, and histologist specializing in neuroanatomy and the decisive nervous system.

He and Camillo Golgi received the Nobel Enjoy in Physiology or Medicine principal 1906.[3] Ramón y Cajal was the first Spaniard to carry off the palm a scientific Nobel Prize. Jurisdiction original investigations of the microscopical structure of the brain complete him a pioneer of novel neuroscience.

Hundreds of his drawings illustrating the arborization (tree-like growth) of brain cells are tranquil in use, since the mid-20th century, for educational and routine purposes.[4]

Biography

Santiago Ramón y Cajal was born on 1 May 1852 in the town of Petilla de Aragón, Navarre, Spain.[1] Though a child he was transferred many times from one institution to another because of manners that was declared poor, dissenting, and anti-authoritarian.

An extreme case of his precociousness and intractableness at the age of 11 is his 1863 imprisonment make a choice destroying his neighbor's yard cut up with a homemade cannon.[5] Filth was a keen painter, creator, and gymnast, but his pa neither appreciated nor encouraged these abilities, even though these delicate talents would contribute to monarch success later in life.[2] Rule father apprenticed him to clean shoemaker and barber, to "try and give his son much-needed discipline and stability."[2]

Over the summertime of 1868, his father took him to graveyards to strike human remains for anatomical glance at.

Early sketches of bones emotional him to pursue medical studies.[6]: 207  Ramón y Cajal attended representation medical school of the Introduction of Zaragoza, where his divine worked as an anatomy handler. He graduated in 1873, elderly 21, and then served in the same way a medical officer in loftiness Spanish Army.

He took objects in an expedition to State in 1874–1875, where he limited malaria and tuberculosis.[7] To effect his recovery, Ramón y Cajal spent time in the spa-town Panticosa in the Pyrenees cock range.[8]

After returning to Spain, loosen up received his doctorate in care in Madrid in 1877. Team a few years later, he became jumped-up of the Anatomical Museum survey the University of Zaragoza point of view married Silveria Fañanás García, filch whom he would have sevener daughters and five sons.

Ramón y Cajal worked at primacy University of Zaragoza until 1883, when he was awarded representation position of anatomy professor censure the University of Valencia.[7][9] Fillet early work at these shine unsteadily universities focused on the pathology of inflammation, the microbiology sunup cholera, and the structure pan epithelial cells and tissues.[10]

In 1887 Ramón y Cajal moved dissertation Barcelona for a professorship.[7] At hand he first learned about Golgi's method, a cell staining way which uses potassium dichromate limit silver nitrate to (randomly) realm a few neurons a unlit black color, while leaving birth surrounding cells transparent.

This ancestry, which he improved, was inner to his work, allowing him to turn his attention withstand the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), in which neurons are so densely intertwined that standard microscopic inspection would be nearly impossible. During that period he made extensive complete drawings of neural material, video many species and most superior regions of the brain.[11]

In 1892, he became professor at Madrid.[7] In 1899 he became bumptious of the Instituto Nacional spout Higiene – translated as National Institute of Hygiene, and riposte 1922 founder of the Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biológicas – translated as Laboratory of Biological Investigations, later renamed to Instituto Cajal, or Cajal Institute.[7]

He died respect Madrid on October 17, 1934, at the age of 82,[12] continuing to work even dupe his deathbed.[7][13]

Political and religious views

In 1877, the 25-year-old Ramón droll Cajal joined a Masonic lodge.[14]: 156 John Brande Trend wrote in 1965 that Ramón y Cajal "was a liberal in politics, sting evolutionist in philosophy, an doubting thomas in religion".[15]

Nonetheless, Ramón y Cajal used the term soul "without any shame".[16] He was voiced articulate to later have regretted securing left organized religion.[14]: 343  Ultimately, flair became convinced of a faith in God as a architect, as stated during his chief lecture before the Spanish Regal Academy of Sciences.[17][18]

Discoveries and theories

Ramón y Cajal made several larger contributions to neuroanatomy.[6] Excited exceed the discoveries of Frederick Adage.

Kenyon, he explored the malady visual nervous system with sovereignty colleague Domingo Sánchez y Sánchez. He was stunned by rendering variety of neuron types.[19] Proceed discovered the axonal growth strobile, and demonstrated experimentally that high-mindedness relationship between nerve cells was not continuous, or a inimitable system as per then left reticular theory, but rather contiguous;[6] there were gaps between neurons.

This provided definitive evidence pay money for what Heinrich Waldeyer would honour "neuron theory", now widely reputed the foundation of modern neuroscience.[6] He is also considered shy some to be the labour "neuroscientist" since in 1894 subside stated to the Royal Chorus line of London: "The ability admit neurons to grow in swindler adult and their power make somebody's acquaintance create new connections can state 1 learning." This statement is reputed to be the origin countless the synaptic theory of memory.[20]

He was an advocate of rendering existence of dendritic spines, allowing he did not recognize them as the site of connection from presynaptic cells.

He was a proponent of polarization promote to nerve cell function and monarch student, Rafael Lorente de Nó, would continue this study elect input-output systems into cable judgment and some of the elementary circuit analysis of neural structures.[21]

By producing depictions of neural structures and their connectivity and accoutrement detailed descriptions of cell types he discovered a new design of cell, which was briefly named after him, the interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC).[22] That cell is found interleaved amongst neurons embedded within the level muscles lining the gut, piece as the generator and trend-setter of the slow waves bad buy contraction which move material onward the gastrointestinal tract, mediating neurotransmission from motor neurons to organized muscle cells.

In his 1894 Croonian Lecture, Ramón y Cajal suggested (in an extended metaphor) that cortical pyramidal cells can become more elaborate with at a rate of knots, as a tree grows survive extends its branches.[23]

He studied intensely psychological phenomena, such as mesmeric suggestion to alleviate pain, which he used to help top wife during labor.

A paperback he had written on these topics was lost during rendering Spanish Civil War.[24]

During his studies on the optic chiasma, Cajal developed a visual map-based intention offering an evolutionary explanation support the decussation of nerve fibres and the chiasm of rendering optic tract.[25][26]

Distinctions

Ramón y Cajal customary many prizes, distinctions, and worldwide memberships during his scientific life's work, including honorary doctorates in criticize from Cambridge University and Würzburg University and an honorary degree in philosophy from Clark University.[7] The most famous distinction closure was awarded was the Chemist Prize in Physiology or Medication in 1906, together with class Italian scientist Camillo Golgi "in recognition of their work pack together the structure of the wrought up system".[7] This caused some query because Golgi, a staunch sympathizer of reticular theory, disagreed mess up Ramón y Cajal in crown view of the neuron doctrine.[27] Before Ramón y Cajal's industry, Norwegian scientist Fridtjof Nansen esoteric established the contiguous nature insensible nerve cells in his con of certain marine life, which Ramón y Cajal failed spread cite.[28] Ramón y Cajal was an International Member of both the United States National Faculty of Sciences and the Indweller Philosophical Society.[29][30]

In society and culture

In 1906 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida painted Cajal's official portrait celebrating his Nobel Prize win.[31]

Cajal approachable for a statue that was created by the sculptor Mariano Benlliure and was installed forecast 1924 in the Paraninfo construction at the School of Medication of the University of City.

In 1931 a monument was unveiled in Madrid, Spain. That full-body statue stands 3 meters (around 10 ft) high on well-organized narrow pedestal and was begeted by Lorenzo Domínguez,[32] a Chilean medical student.

1982 a Telly mini series was created surround Spain titled Ramón y Cajal: Historia de una voluntad.[33]

In 2003, the first major exhibition recall Cajal's scientific drawings opened the same Madrid, Spain.

The exhibition featured hundreds of restored original drawings, micrographic slides, and personal photographs created by Cajal. The incidental catalog titled Santiago Ramon witty Cajal (1852–2003) Ciencia y Arte[34] features numerous high quality reproductions of Cajal's drawings and print essays on the restoration contingency.

Exhibition curators and contributing authors to the catalog include: Port Ramón y Cajal Junquera, Miguel Ángel Freire Mallo, Paloma Esteban Leal, Pablo García, Virginia Ill-defined. Marin, Ma Cruz Osuna, Isabel Argerich Fernández, Paloma Calle, Marta C. Lopera, Ricardo Martínez, Pilar Sedano Espín, Eugenia Gimeno Pascual, Sonia Tortajada, and Juan Antonio Sáez Dégano.

In 2005 loftiness asteroid 117413 Ramonycajal was called after him by Juan Lacruz.

In 2007, sculptures of Severo Ochoa and Santiago Ramón sardonic Cajal created by Víctor Biochemist were unveiled at the Country National Research Council central sordid in Madrid, Spain.[35]

Santiago Ramón aslant Cajal Museum, Ayerbe, Huesca, Espana opened in 2013 and critique located in Cajal's childhood living quarters, where he lived with ruler family for ten years.[36]

In 2014, the National Institutes of Disease initiated an ongoing exhibition be taken in by original Ramón y Cajal drawings in the John Porter Neuroscience Research Center, located in integrity NIH central campus in Bethesda, MD, USA.

The exhibition paradigm was spearheaded by NINDS Chief Researcher Jeffery Diamond and NINDS science writer Christopher Thomas tolerate was made possible through side collaboration with the Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.[37] The exhibition as well includes contemporary artwork curated coarse Jeff Diamond, which was actualized by artists Rebecca Kamen keep from Dawn Hunter.[38] Inspired by Cajal's original drawings, Kamen's and Hunter's artworks are thematically representative loom Cajal's aesthetic and are representation permanent display for the leak out at the John Porter Neuroscience Research Center.

Through the accord of a 2017–2018 Fulbright España Senior Research Fellowship[39][40] to rendering Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain, Huntress continued to develop her conniving project about Cajal by referencing original source material.[41][42]

A selection fall foul of Cajal's scientific drawings, personal likenesss, oil paintings, and pastel drawings were curated into the Fourteenth Istanbul Biennial, Saltwater, that was held in Istanbul, Turkey stick up September 5 – November 1, 2015.[43]

The exhibition Fisiología de los Sueños.

Cajal, Tanguy, Lorca, Dalí... opened on October 5, 2015, and ended on January 16, 2016, at the University precision Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. Cajal's out of a job was the centerpiece topic all-round the exhibition and the county show explored the influence of histologic drawings on Surrealism.[44]

From January 31 – May 29, 2016, Cajal's work was featured in birth inaugural exhibition for the re-opening of University of California's Metropolis Art Museum and Pacific Coating ArchiveArchitecture of Life.

The classify for the exhibition featured Cajal's drawing of the Purkinje Lockup on the front cover.[45]

The Practice Institutes of Health, USA, significant the Instituto Cajal, Spain, set aside collaborative symposiums honoring Cajal resistance October 28, 2015, and Possibly will 24, 2017. The first bull session held at the NIH infiltrate 2015 was titled Bridging justness Legacy of Santiago Ramón sarcastic Cajal, a symposium honoring high-mindedness father of modern neuroscience.  Tone speaker Dr.

Rafael Yuste was honored at a reception kept at the Spanish Ambassador's, Ramón Gil-Casares, home.  The second meeting titled, New Opportunities for NIH-CSIC Collaboration, was held at illustriousness Instituto Cajal in 2017.  Daybreak Hunter's Cajal Inventory art mission was exhibited at the colloquy for the general public access the institute's library. The Cajal Inventory consists of forty-five 11” bill 14” drawings in which Orion recreated in fine detail Cajal's scientific drawings from primary basis, and surreal portrait drawings interrupt Cajal inspired by his photography.[46]

Every year since 2001, more top two hundred postdoctoral scholarships detain awarded by the Spanish Department of Science to middle vitality scholars from different fields epitome knowledge.

They are called "Ayudas a contratos Ramón y Cajal" to honor his memory.[47]

An offering called The Beautiful Brain: Class Drawings of Santiago Ramón pawky Cajal travelled through North Ground, beginning 2017 in the Kind at the Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The extravaganza traveled to the Morris take Helen Belkin Art Gallery, Dogma of British Columbia, Vancouver, Land Columbia, Canada,[48]Grey Art Gallery, Spanking York University, New York Faculty, New York, USA,[49][50][51]MIT Museum, Colony Institute of Technology Cambridge, Colony, USA,[52] and ended in Apr 2019 at the Ackland Distinctive Museum in Chapel Hill, Northerly Carolina, USA.[53]The Beautiful Brain paperback, published by Abrams,[54] New Dynasty, accompanied the exhibition.

During 2019, the University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain opened an exhibition bother Cajal titled Santiago Ramón lopsided Cajal. 150 years at greatness University of Zaragoza. The pageant had an accompanying catalog ensure featured the same title.[55] Illustriousness exhibition opened October 2019 limit closed at the end ticking off December 2019.

A short film by REDES is available sturdiness YouTube.[56]

From November 19, 2020, pan December 5, 2021, the Ethnological Museum of Natural Sciences, Madrid, Spain, hosted an exhibition featuring Cajal's scientific drawings, photographs, wellregulated equipment and personal objects detach from the Legado Cajal, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.[57]

In 2020, over 75 volunteers collaborated as part all but The Cajal Embroidery Project be introduced to 6 countries to create 81 intricate, exquisite hand-stitched panels be proper of Ramón y Cajal's images, which were then curated and displayed by Edinburgh Neuroscience at picture virtual FENS 2020 Forum, unthinkable showcased by The Lancet Neurology in their front covers look 2021.[58]

In 2017, UNESCO (the Banded together Nations Educational, Scientific and Folk Organization) recognised Cajal's Legacy (which had been kept in efficient museum from 1945 to 1989) as a World Heritage revere.

Recognising that this cultural riches deserves a dedicated museum, showcasing not only Cajal's but besides his disciples’ legacies, there has been a call for unadorned dedicated museum to commemorate other celebrate Ramón y Cajal's discoveries and impact on neuroscience.[59]

Project Brain organised Cajal Week to cheer his 169th birth anniversary pass up 1 May to 7 Hawthorn 2021.[60]

The Brain In Search Put a stop to Itself,[61] an English language memoirs, was published in 2022.

Publications

He published more than 100 wellregulated works and articles in Nation, French and German. Among ruler works were:[7]

  • Rules and advice concept scientific investigation
  • Histology
  • Degeneration and regeneration put a stop to the nervous system
  • Manual of wrong histology and micrographic technique
  • Elements endorse histology

A list of his books includes:

  • Ramón y Cajal, Metropolis (1905) [1890].

    Manual de Anatomia Patológica General (Handbook of public Anatomical Pathology) (in Spanish) (fourth ed.).

  • Ramón y Cajal, Santiago; Richard Greeff (1894). Die Retina der Wirbelthiere: Untersuchungen mit der Golgi-cajal'schen Chromsilbermethode und der ehrlich'schen Methylenblaufärbung (Retina of vertebrates) (in German).

    Bergmann.

  • Ramón y Cajal, Santiago; L. Azoulay (1894). Les nouvelles idées metropolis la structure du système nerveux chez l'homme et chez keep steady vertébrés (New ideas on justness fine anatomy of the front centres) (in French). C. Reinwald.
  • Ramón y Cajal, Santiago; Johannes Bresler; E. Mendel (1896).

    Beitrag zum Studium der Medulla Oblongata: Nonsteroidal Kleinhirns und des Ursprungs make somebody late Gehirnnerven (in German). Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth.

  • Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1898). "Estructura del quiasma óptico y teoría general group los entrecruzamientos de las vías nerviosas. (Structure of the Structure opticum and general theory ceremony the crossing of nerve tracks)" [Die Structur des Chiasma opticum nebst einer allgemeine Theorie difficult Kreuzung der Nervenbahnen (German, 1899, Verlag Joh.

    A. Barth)]. Rev. Trim. Micrográfica (in Spanish). 3: 15–65.

  • Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1899). Comparative study of the sensorial areas of the human cortex. Clark University. p. 85.
  • Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1899–1904). Textura del sistema nervioso del hombre y los vertebrados (in Spanish).

    Madrid. ISBN .

  • Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1906). Studien über die Hirnrinde des Menschen v.5 (Studies about the membrane of man) (in German). Johann Ambrosius Barth.
  • Ramón y Cajal, Metropolis (1999) [1897]. Advice for top-hole Young Investigator. Translated by Neely Swanson and Larry W. Actress.

    Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN .

  • Ramón off-centre Cajal, Santiago; Domingo Sánchez askew Sánchez (1915). Contribución al conocimiento de los centros nerviosos organization los insectos (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta de Hijos de Nicolas Moya.
  • Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1937). Recuerdos de mi Vida (in Spanish).

    Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN .

In 1905, he published five science-fiction stories called "Vacation Stories" get it wrong the pen name "Dr. Bacteria".[62][63]

Gallery of drawings

  • First illustration by Cajal (1888) of the nervous course of action.

    (A) First page of goodness article. (B) Vertical section nigh on a cerebellar convolution of skilful hen. (C) Cerebellum of phony adult bird. (D) Higher boost of (C) showing Purkinje lockup. (E) Dendrite of the Physiologist cell.

  • Drawing of the neural network of the rodent hippocampus. Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertébrés, Vols.

    1 and 2. A. Maloine. Town. 1911

  • Drawing of the cells disregard the chick cerebellum, from "Estructura de los centros nerviosos boorish las aves", Madrid, 1905

  • Drawing objection a section through the visible tectum of a sparrow, be different "Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves", Madrid, 1905

  • From "Structure of the Mammalian Retina" Madrid, 1900

  • Drawing of Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by Port Ramón y Cajal, 1899.

    Instituto Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain

  • Drawing of Cajal-Retzius cells, 1891

  • Drawn in 1899, taken from glory book "Comparative study of influence sensory areas of the possibly manlike cortex"

  • schema of the visual chart theory (1898).

    O=Optic chiasm; C=Visual (and motor) cortex; M, S=Decussating pathways; R, G: Sensory malediction, motor ganglia.

  • Purkinje cell of character human cerebellum. Golgi method. -a, axon; b, recurrent collateral; adage and d, spaces in rendering dendritic arborization for stellate cells, by Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

    (See Fig. 9 in Ref.[64])

See also

Notes

  1. ^ ab"Santiago Ramón y Cajal: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  2. ^ abcA Mind for Numbers.

    Tarcher Penguin. 2014. p. 193. ISBN .

  3. ^"The Nobel Prize in Physiology urge Medicine 1906". NobelPrize.org.
  4. ^"History of Neuroscience". Society for Neuroscience. Archived foreign the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  5. ^Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Recuerdos de mi Vida Volume Frantic, Chapter X, Madrid Imprenta perverse Librería de N.

    Moya, Madrid 1917, online at Instituto Playwright (Spanish)

  6. ^ abcdFinger, Stanley (2000). "Chapter 13: Santiago Ramón y Cajal. From nerve nets to neuron doctrine". Minds behind the brain: A history of the pioneers and their discoveries.

    New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 197–216. ISBN .

  7. ^ abcdefghiSantiago Ramón y Cajal fault Nobelprize.org , accessed 29 Apr 2020
  8. ^Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1917).

    "Recuerdos de mi vida. Publication I: Mi infancia y juventud. Chapter XXVII". Centro Virtual Dramatist cvc.cervantes.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-07-20.

  9. ^"Santiago Ramón y Cajal | Romance histologist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  10. ^Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1917).

    "Recuerdos de mi vida. Volume II: Historia de mi labor científica, Chapter II". Centro Virtual Author cvc.cervantes.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-07-20.

  11. ^Newman, Eric (2017). The beautiful brain : the drawings of Santiago Ramón y Cajal. New York: Abrams. ISBN . OCLC 938991305.
  12. ^Sherrington, C.

    S. (1935). "Santiago Ramón y Cajal. 1852–1934". Obituary Notices of Fellows donation the Royal Society. 1 (4): 424–441. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1935.0007.

  13. ^Yuste, Rafael (21 Apr 2015). "The discovery of dendritic spines by Ramón y Cajal". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 9 (18): 18. doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00018.

    PMC 4404913. PMID 25954162.

  14. ^ abJosé María López Piñero, "Santiago Ramón y Cajal", Universita de València
  15. ^John Brande Trend (1965). The Outset of Modern Spain. Russell & Russell. p. 82.
  16. ^Carolyn Sattin-Bajaj (2010).

    Marcelo Suarez-Orozco (ed.). Educating significance Whole Child for the Finalize World: The Ross School Design and Education for the Worldwide Era. NYU Press. p. 165. ISBN .

  17. ^DISCURSO DEL SR. D. Port RAMÓN Y CAJALTEMA: FUNDAMENTOS RACIONALES Y CONDICIONES TÉCNICAS DE LAINVESTIGACIÓN BIOLÓGICA Sesquicentenario de Santiago Ramon y Cajal, 23 pages, possessor.

    39-40: Y a los urgent te dicen que la Ciencia apaga toda poesía, secando las fuentes del sentimiento y tell somebody to ansia de misterio que set apart en el fondo del alma humana, contéstales que á refrigerate vana poesía del vulgo, basada en una noción errónea describe Universo, noción tan mezquina como pueril, tú sustituyes otra mucho más grandiosa y sublime, urgent es la poesía de insensitive verdad, la incomparable belleza show off la obra de Dios droll de las leyes eternas mining Él establecidas.

    Él acierta exclusivamente a comprender algo de see through lenguaje misterioso que Dios ha escrito en los fenómenos inclined la Naturaleza; y a él solamente le ha sido stand desentrañar la maravillosa obra turnoff la Creación para rendir first-class la Divinidad uno de los cultos más gratos y aceptos a un Supremo entendimiento, waste bin de estudiar sus portentosas obras, para en ellas y sleep ellas conocerle, admirarle y reverenciarle. [English Translation: P.

    39-40: Give a lift those who tell you guarantee Science quenches all poetry, baking up the sources of cheekiness and the longing for say publicly mystery that pulses in rectitude depths of the human heart, tell them that in primacy vain poetry of the go out, based on an erroneous inspiration of Universe, as petty despite the fact that it is puerile, you sub a much more grandiose duct sublime one, which is significance poetry of truth, the unsurpassed beauty of the work cosy up God and the eternal work established by him.

    He decay only able to understand spur of that mysterious language renounce God has written in class phenomena of Nature; And recognized has only been able inspire unravel the wonderful work heed Creation to render to honesty Divinity one of the uppermost grateful and accepted cults come to an end a supreme understanding, to bone up on his portentous works, for them and for them to identify, to admire and to exalt him ]

  18. ^"Las creencias de Naturalist y Cajal | Amigos kindliness Serrablo".

    Serrablo.org. 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2015-03-15.

  19. ^Chittka, Lars (2022). The Mind all but a Bee. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 150.
  20. ^Higgins, Edmund S. (16 February 2018). The neuroscience of clinical psychiatry : ethics pathophysiology of behavior and deep-seated illness.

    George, Mark S. (Mark Stork), 1958– (Third ed.). Philadelphia. ISBN . OCLC 1048335337.: CS1 maint: location shy defective publisher (link)

  21. ^"Santiago Ramón y Cajal: biografía del médico español más célebre". medsalud.com. 2019-09-18. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
  22. ^"FANZCA part I notes on rendering Autonomic Nervous System".

    Anaesthetist.com. Retrieved 2015-03-15.

  23. ^Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1894-12-31). "The Croonian lecture.—La fine reerect des centres nerveux". Proceedings incline the Royal Society of London. 55 (331–335): 444–468. doi:10.1098/rspl.1894.0063. ISSN 0370-1662.
  24. ^López-Muñoz, F; Rubio, G; Molina, JD; García-García, P; Álamo, C; Santo Domingo, J (2007).

    "Cajal pawky la psiquiatría biológica: actividades profesionales y trabajos científicos de Cajal en el campo de cool psiquiatría". Arch Psiquiatr (in Spanish). 70 (2): 83–114. ISSN 1576-0367. Archived from the original on Sep 16, 2017.: CS1 maint: manifold names: authors list (link)

  25. ^Ramón lopsided Cajal, Santiago (1898).

    "Estructura show quiasma óptico y teoría common de los entrecruzamientos de las vías nerviosas. (Structure of grandeur Chiasma opticum and general impression of the crossing of ultimatum tracks)" [Die Structur des Decussation opticum nebst einer allgemeine Theorie der Kreuzung der Nervenbahnen (German, 1899, Verlag Joh.

    A. Barth)]. Rev. Trim. Micrográfica (in Spanish). 3: 15–65.

  26. ^Mora, Carla; Velásquez, Carlos; Martino, Juan (2019-09-01). "The neuronal pathway midline crossing theory: capital historical analysis of Santiago Rámon y Cajal's contribution on psychological localization and on contralateral prosencephalon organization".

    Neurosurgical Focus. 47 (3): E10. doi:10.3171/2019.6.FOCUS19341. ISSN 1092-0684. PMID 31473669.

  27. ^"The Chemist Prize in Physiology or Explanation 1906". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  28. ^J. Brutal. Edwards & R. Huntford (1998). "Fridtjof Nansen: from the neuron to the North Polar Sea".

    Endeavour. 22 (2): 76–80. doi:10.1016/s0160-9327(98)01118-1. PMID 9719772.

  29. ^"Santiago Ramon y Cajal". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
  30. ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
  31. ^"Portrait of Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) 1906 unresponsive to Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida | Oil Painting | joaquin-sorolla-y-bastida.org".

    www.joaquin-sorolla-y-bastida.org. Retrieved 2021-05-22.

  32. ^Giménez Roldan, S. (2019-01-01). "Monuments to Cajal in Madrid, Spain: Rejection of public tributes". Revue Neurologique. 175 (1): 2–10. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2018.02.086. ISSN 0035-3787. PMID 30314743.

    S2CID 196532722.

  33. ^Ramón bent Cajal: Historia de una voluntad: Capítulo 1- Infancia y adolescencia | RTVE Archivo, 14 Nov 2019, retrieved 2021-05-22
  34. ^Ramon Y Cajal, Santiago (2003). Santiago Ramon Dry Cajal (1852–2003). La Casa Encendida, Madrid, Spain.

    ISBN .: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

  35. ^"Severo Biochemist y Ramón y Cajal, Monumento a" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  36. ^"Centro de Interpretación Ramón y Cajal de Ayerbe". Ayuntamiento de Ayerbe: guía de servicios, agenda, información municipal (in Spanish).

    Retrieved 2021-05-22.

  37. ^"Santiago Ramón y Cajal Exhibit – history – Office of Agency History and Stetten Museum". history.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  38. ^Aggie, Mika (2017-08-13). "Reimagining Neuroscience's Finest Works of Art". The Scientist Magazine®.

    Retrieved 2021-05-22.

  39. ^"Home | Fulbright Scholar Program". cies.org. Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  40. ^"Dawn Hunter | Senator Scholar Program". cies.org. Retrieved 2021-05-22.
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