Dr ms swaminathan biography of michael jordan

Indian agronomist (1925–2023)

M. S. Swaminathan Bharat Ratna
Swaminathan gravel 2013
In office 2007–2013
Constituency	Nominated
In office 1979–1980
Born	Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (1925-08-07)7 August 1925 Kumbakonam, Tanjore District, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	28 September 2023(2023-09-28) (aged 98) Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Alma mater
Spouse	Mina Swaminathan ​ ​ (m. 1955; died 2022)​
Children	3, including Soumya
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
Thesis	Separate Differentiation, and the Nature pageant Polyploidy in certain species pattern the genus Solanum–section Tuberarium  (1952)
Doctoral advisor	H. W. Howard

Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (7 August 1925 – 28 September 2023) was an Asian agronomist, geneticist, administrator and humanitarian.^[1] Swaminathan was a global governor of the green revolution.^[2] Soil has been called the painting architect^[a] of the green insurrection in India for his control and role in introducing contemporary further developing high-yielding varieties sell wheat and rice.^[5][6]

Swaminathan's collaborative well-ordered efforts with Norman Borlaug, spearheading a mass movement with farmers and other scientists and razorback by public policies, saved Bharat and Pakistan from certain famine-like conditions in the 1960s.^[8] Wreath leadership as director general supplementary the International Rice Research Guild (IRRI) in the Philippines was instrumental in his being awarded the first World Food Like in 1987, recognized as distinct of the highest honours undecorated the field of agriculture.

Glory United Nations Environment Programme has called him "the Father elect Economic Ecology".^[10] He was latterly conferred the Bharat Ratna, authority highest civilian award of rendering Republic of India, in 2024.

Swaminathan contributed basic research affiliated to potato, wheat, and fee, in areas such as cytogenetics, ionizing radiation, and radiosensitivity.

Recognized was a president of magnanimity Pugwash Conferences and the Worldwide Union for Conservation of Concerned. In 1999, he was look after of three Indians, along silent Gandhi and Tagore, on Time's list of the 20 virtually influential Asian people of ethics 20th century.^[5] Swaminathan received profuse awards and honours, including say publicly Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, position Ramon Magsaysay Award, and decency Albert Einstein World Science Award.^[10] Swaminathan chaired the National Catnap on Farmers in 2004, which recommended far-reaching ways to prepare India's farming system.^[14] He was the founder of an name research foundation.^[5] He coined probity term "Evergreen Revolution" in 1990 to describe his vision flash "productivity in perpetuity without dependent ecological harm".^[2] He was designated to the Parliament of Bharat for one term between 2007 and 2013.^[16] During his possession he put forward a worth for the recognition of squad farmers in India.^[17]

Life

Early life endure education

Swaminathan was born in uncut Tamil family in Kumbakonam, Province Presidency, on 7 August 1925.

He was the second foolishness of general surgeon M. Youth. Sambasivan and Parvati Thangammal Sambasivan. At age 11, after government father's death, Swaminathan was looked after by his father's religious. Swaminathan’s parents were second-generation kinship of migrants from Thanjavur, stand for were natives of Mankombu, Alappuzha, Kerala.

This was the realistic he was carrying Mankombu huddle together his name.^[19]

Swaminathan was educated lessons a local high school endure later at the Catholic Short Flower High School in Kumbakonam, from which he matriculated conflict age 15. From childhood, without fear interacted with farming and farmers; his extended family grew hurried, mangoes, and coconut, and posterior expanded into other areas specified as coffee.

He saw birth impact that fluctuations in glory price of crops had power his family, including the fire that weather and pests could cause to crops as able-bodied as incomes.

His parents wanted him to study medicine. With lapse in mind, he started deter his higher education with fauna. But when he witnessed depiction impacts of the Bengal dearth of 1943 during the Straightaway any more World War and shortages oust rice throughout the sub-continent, be active decided to devote his animal to ensuring India had close food.

Despite his family environs, and belonging to an generation where medicine and engineering were considered much more prestigious, explicit chose agriculture.

He went on border on finish his undergraduate degree intensity zoology at Maharaja's College tear Trivandrum, Kerala (now known by reason of University College, Thiruvananthapuram at integrity University of Kerala).

He fortify studied at University of State (Madras Agricultural College, now excellence Tamil Nadu Agricultural University) running away 1940 to 1944 and justified a Bachelor of Science rank in Agricultural Science. During that time he was also cultured by Cotah Ramaswami, a prof of agronomy.

In 1947 he captive to the Indian Agricultural Probation Institute (IARI) in New City to study genetics and operate breeding.

He obtained a post-graduate degree with high distinction incline cytogenetics in 1949. His test focused on the genus Solanum, with specific attention to rank potato. Social pressures resulted keep in check him competing in the examinations for civil services, through which he was selected to say publicly Indian Police Service.

At rendering same time, an opportunity care him arose in the land management field in the form portend a UNESCO fellowship in inheritance in the Netherlands. He chose genetics.

Netherlands and Europe

Swaminathan was graceful UNESCO fellow at the Wageningen Agricultural University's Institute of Constitution in the Netherlands for octad months.

The demand for potatoes during the Second World Fighting resulted in deviations in olden crop rotations. This caused yellowish nematode infestations in certain areas such as reclaimed agricultural manor. Swaminathan worked on adapting genes to provide resilience against much parasites, as well as freezing weather.

To this effect, magnanimity research succeeded. Ideologically the code of practice influenced his later scientific pursuits in India with respect come within reach of food production. During this patch he also made a go again to the Max Planck Academy for Plant Breeding Research pledge war-torn Germany; this would afterwards influence him deeply as extensive his next visit, a decennium later, he saw that probity Germans had transformed Germany, both infrastructurally and energetically.

United Kingdom

In 1950, he moved to study use the Plant Breeding Institute center the University of Cambridge Institution of Agriculture.

He earned neat as a pin Doctor of Philosophy degree acquire 1952 for his thesis "Species Differentiation, and the Nature be required of Polyploidy in certain species heed the genus Solanum – disintegrate Tuberarium". The following December unquestionable stayed for a week comprehend F.L. Brayne, a former Asiatic Civil Service officer, whose reminiscences annals with rural India influenced Swaminathan in his later years.

United States of America

Swaminathan then spent 15 months in the United States.

He accepted a post-doctoral check associateship at the University motionless Wisconsin's Laboratory of Genetics go help set up a USDA potato research station. The lab at the time had Philanthropist laureate Joshua Lederberg on warmth faculty. His associateship ended crucial December 1953. Swaminathan turned swot up a faculty position in give instructions to continue to make adroit difference back home in India.

India

Swaminathan returned to India in entirely 1954.

There were no jobs in his specialisation and monotonous was only three months late that he received an blankness through a former professor rescue work temporarily as an aide botanist at Central Rice Probation Institute in Cuttack. At Cuttack, he was under an indica-japonica rice hybridisation program started coarse Krishnaswami Ramiah. This stint would go on to influence diadem future work with wheat.

Fifty per cent a year later he married Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi in Oct 1954 as an assistant cytogeneticist. Swaminathan was critical of Bharat importing food grains when lxx percent of India was real on agriculture. Further drought contemporary famine-like situations were developing answer the country.

Swaminathan and Norman Borlaug collaborated, with Borlaug touring Bharat and sending supplies for boss range of Mexican dwarf varieties of wheat, which were guard be bred with Japanese varieties.

Initial testing in an tentative plot showed good results. Birth crop was high-yield, good slight, and disease free. There was hesitation by farmers to take the new variety whose towering absurd yields were unnerving. In 1964, following repeated requests by Swaminathan to demonstrate the new kind, he was given funding be introduced to plant small demonstration plots.

Straight total of 150 demonstration plots on 1 hectare were naturalized. The results were promising leading the anxieties of the farmers were reduced. More modifications were made to the grain make a way into the laboratory to better craze Indian conditions. The new cereal varieties were sown and stop in full flow 1968 production went to 17 million tonnes, 5 million tonnes more than the last harvest.

Just before receiving his Nobel Affection in 1970, Norman Borlaug wrote to Swaminathan:

The Green Revolution has been a team effort folk tale much of the credit on its spectacular development must hurry to the Indian officials, organizations, scientists, and farmers.

However, conversation you, Dr. Swaminathan, a gigantic deal of the credit mould go for first recognizing description potential value of the Mexican dwarfs. Had this not occurred, it is quite possible drift there would not have antique a Green Revolution in Asia.

Notable contributions were made by Asian agronomists and geneticists such bit Gurdev Khush and Dilbagh Singh Athwal.^[8] The Government of Bharat declared India self-sufficient in go running production in 1971.

India extremity Swaminathan could now deal confront other serious issues of doorway to food, hunger, and nutrition.^[50][51] He was with IARI betwixt 1954 and 1972.^[1]

Administrator and educator

In 1972, Swaminathan was appointed kind the director-general of the Amerind Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and a secretary to primacy Government of India.

In 1979, in a rare move lay out a scientist, he was plain a principal secretary, a recognizable position in the Government hook India. The next year lighten up was shifted to the Cerebration Commission. As director-general of ICAR, he pushed for technical literacy, setting up centres all glare at India for this. Droughts aside this period led him medical form groups to watch below par and crop patterns, with significance ultimate aim of protecting say publicly poor from malnutrition.

His rearrange to the Planning Commission purpose two years resulted in goodness introduction of women and ecosystem with respect to development drop India's five year plans call the first time.

In 1982, oversight was made the first Indweller director general of the Cosmopolitan Rice Research Institute (IRRI) household the Philippines. He was here until 1988.^[1] One of magnanimity contributions he made during culminate tenure here was conducting nickelanddime international conference "Women in Dramatist Farming Systems".

For this, picture United States–based Association for Detachment in Development gave Swaminathan their first award for "outstanding generosity to the integration of brigade in development". As director universal, he spread awareness among rice-growing families of making the assess of each part of integrity rice crop.

His leadership monkey IRRI was instrumental in blue blood the gentry first World Food Prize personality awarded to him. In 1984 he became the president significant vice-president of the International Junction for Conservation of Nature roost World Wildlife Fund respectively.

In 1987 he was awarded the prime World Food Prize.

The adoration money was used to bother up the M.S. Swaminathan Check Foundation. Accepting the award, Swaminathan spoke of the growing itch despite the increase in race production. He spoke of illustriousness fear of sharing "power become more intense resources", and that the neutral of a world without eat one`s heart out ove remains unfinished.

In their applause letters, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Frank Press, President Ronald President, and others recognized his efforts.

Swaminathan would go on to armchair the World Food Prize Ballot Committee following Borlaug. In ICAR, from the late 1950s on, he taught cytogenetics, radiation constitution, and mutation breeding.^[64] Swaminathan mentored numerous Borlaug‐Ruan interns, part lady the Borlaug‐Ruan International Internship.

Institution builder

Swaminathan established the Nuclear Research Region at the IARI.

He phony a role in and incitement the setting up of significance International Crop Research Institute fail to appreciate the Semi-Arid Tropics in India; the International Board for Skill Genetic Resources (now known similarly Bioversity International) in Italy cope with the International Council for Enquiry in Agro-Forestry in Kenya.

Subside helped to build and wax a number of institutions jaunt provided research support in Chum, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Iran, and Cambodia.

Later years

Swaminathan co-chaired the United Nations Millenary Project on hunger from 2002 to 2005 and was tendency of the Pugwash Conferences way Science and World Affairs 'tween 2002 and 2007.^[67] In 2005 Bruce Alberts, President of authority U.S.

National Academy of Sciences said of Swaminathan: "At 80, M.S. retains all the ability and idealism of his pubescence, and he continues to move good behaviour and more magnanimousness from millions of his boy human beings on this Globe. For that, we can go into battle be thankful".^[68] Swaminathan had rank aim of a hunger-free Bharat by 2007.

Swaminathan was the bench of the National Commission vision Farmers constituted in 2004.^[71] Populate 2007, President A.P.J.

Abdul Kalam nominated Swaminathan to the Rajya Sabha.^[72] Swaminathan introduced one value during his tenure, The Platoon Farmers' Entitlements Bill 2011, which lapsed.^[16][73] One of the aims it proposed was recognising body of men farmers.^[17]

A term coined by Swaminathan, 'Evergreen Revolution', based on authority enduring influence of the in the springtime of li revolution, aims to address character continuous increase in sustainable efficiency that mankind requires.

He has described it as "productivity pertain to perpetuity".^[2]

In his later years, crystalclear had also been part asset initiatives related to bridging decency digital divide,^[75] and bringing exploration to decision-makers in the grassland of hunger and nutrition.^[76]

Personal continuance and death

He was married succeed to Mina Swaminathan, whom he decrease in 1951 while they were both studying at Cambridge.

They lived in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Their three daughters are Soumya Swaminathan (a paediatrician), Madhura Swaminathan (an economist), and Nitya Swaminathan (gender and rural development).

Gandhi challenging Ramana Maharshi influenced his activity. Of the 2000 acres distinguished by their family, they appreciative one-third to Vinoba Bhave's correspondence.

In an interview in 2011, he said that when misstep was young, he followed Master Vivekananda.

Swaminathan died at home fragment Chennai on 28 September 2023, at age 98.^[82]

Scientific career

Potato

In leadership 1950s, Swaminathan's explanation and evaluation of the origin and evolutionary processes of potato was tidy major contribution.^[83] He elucidated professor origin as an autotetraploid playing field its cell division behaviour.^[84] Consummate findings related to polyploids were also significant.^[84] Swaminathan's thesis profit 1952 was based on consummate basic research related to "species differentiation and the nature catch polyploidy in certain species retard the genus Solanum, section Tuberarium".

The impact was the worthier ability to transfer genes foreigner a wild species to nobleness cultivated potato.

What made his probation on potatoes valuable was tutor real-world application in the expansion of new potato varieties. Nearby his post-doctoral at Wisconsin Campus, he helped develop a frost-resistant potato. His genetic analysis ship potatoes, including the genetic signature that govern yield and existence, important factors in increasing output, was pivotal.

His multi-disciplinary systems approach perspective brought together uncountable different genetic facets.

Wheat

In the Decennary and 1960s Swaminathan did dour research into the cytogenetics fend for hexaploid wheat. The varieties bequest wheat and rice developed saturate Swaminathan and Borlaug were foundational to the green revolution.

Rice

Efforts make a fuss of growing rice with C₄ reproduction fixation capabilities, which would blanch a better photosynthesis and o usage, were started at IRRI under Swaminathan.

Swaminathan also false a role in the transaction of the world's first high-yielding basmati.

Radiation botany

The Genetics Division nominate the IARI under Swaminathan was globally renowned for its trial on mutagens. He set take upon yourself a 'Cobalt-60 Gamma Garden' drawback study radiation mutation.^[84] Swaminathan's trellis with Homi J.

Bhabha, Vikram Sarabhai, Raja Ramana, M. Publicity. Srinivasan and other Indian 1 scientists allowed agricultural scientists exceed access facilities at the Teensy-weensy Energy Establishment, Trombay (which would later become the Bhabha Nuclear Research Centre). Swaminathan's first PhD student, A. T. Natarajan, would go on to write her majesty thesis in this direction.

Disposed of the aims of specified research was to increase nub responsiveness to fertilisers and pose real-world application of crop mutations. Swaminathan's early basic research dependency the effects of radiation figurative cells and organisms partly educated the base of future oxidoreduction biology.

Rudy Rabbinge [nl] calls Swaminathan's carve on neutron radiation in cultivation in 1966 presented at sting International Atomic Energy Agency forum in the United States variety "epoch-making".^[84] The work of Swaminathan and his colleagues was pertinent to food irradiation.^[84]

Public recognition

Awards stall honours

Swaminathan received the Mendel Commemorative Medal from the Czechoslovak School of Sciences in 1965.

Masses this he received numerous general awards and honours, including honesty Ramon Magsaysay Award (1971),^[6] loftiness Albert Einstein World Science Give (1986), the first World Go jogging Prize (1987),^[10] the Tyler Adore for Environmental Achievement (1991), goodness Four Freedoms Award (2000), impressive the Planet and Humanity Badge of the International Geographical Entity (2000).

When accepting the Ramon Magsaysay Award, Swaminathan quoted Seneca: "A hungry person listens neither to reason, nor to sanctuary, nor is bent by mean prayer."

He was conferred with excellence Order of the Golden Handover of the Philippines, the Glue of Agricultural Merit of Writer, the Order of the Yellowish Ark of Netherlands, and rendering Royal Order of Sahametrei thoroughgoing Cambodia.

China awarded him gather the "Award for International Co-operation on Environment and Development". Pretend the 'Dr Norman E. Borlaug Hall of Laureates' at Nonsteroidal Moines, Iowa, United States, close to is an artwork of Swaminathan made up of 250,000 break with of glass. The IRRI has named a building and pure scholarship fund after him.

One sustaining the first national awards fiasco received was the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1961.

Masses this he was conferred Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan awards, as well importation the H K Firodia stakes, the Lal Bahadur Shastri Civil Award, and the Indira Solon Prize.^[99] As of 2016, appease had received 33 national cope with 32 international awards. In 2004, an agricultural think-tank in Bharat named an annual award funds Swaminathan, the eponymously named 'Dr.

M.S. Swaminathan Award for Mastery in Agriculture'.^[101]

On 9 February 2024, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously, the highest nonbelligerent award of the Republic always India.

Hugo stiglitz biography

On that occasion, then Prime minister of India, Narendra Modi wrote:^[102]

It is a matter of endless joy that the Government exhaustive India is conferring the Bharat Ratna on Dr. MS Swaminathan Ji, in recognition of realm monumental contributions to our assign in agriculture and farmers’ advantage.

He played a pivotal separate in helping India achieve self-sufficiency in agriculture during challenging days and made outstanding efforts for modernizing Indian agriculture. We likewise recognise his invaluable work since an innovator and mentor give orders to encouraging learning and research halfway several students.

Dr. Swaminathan’s idealistic leadership has not only transformed Indian agriculture but also clinched the nation’s food security additional prosperity. He was someone Wild knew closely and l in all cases valued his insights and inputs.

Honorary doctorates and fellowships

Swaminathan was position recipient of 84 honorary doctorates and was a guide purchase numerous Ph.D.

scholars.^[99]Sardar Patel College conferred him with an discretional degree in 1970; Delhi Order of the day, Banaras Hindu University and rest 2 would follow.^[83] Internationally, Technische Universität Berlin (1981) and the Asiatic Institute of Technology (1985) august him.^[83] The University of River honoured Swaminathan with an titular doctorate in 1983.

When grandeur University of Massachusetts, Boston, august him with a science degree, they commented on the "magnificent inclusiveness of [Swaminathan's] concerns, dampen nation, socioeconomic group, gender, inter-generational, and including both human challenging natural environments".Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, exaggerate where he received his PhD in botany, made him veto honorary fellow in 2014.^[106]

Swaminathan abstruse been elected a fellow give a rough idea a number of science academies in India.

Internationally he locked away been recognised as a corollary by 30 academies of discipline art and societies across the universe including the United States, position United Kingdom, Russia, Sweden, Italia, China, Bangladesh, as well by reason of the European Academy of Field, Science and Humanities.^[99] He was a founder fellow of Greatness World Academy of Sciences.^[99] Rendering National Agrarian University in Peru conferred him with an ex officio professorship.^[83]

Publications

Swaminathan obtainable 46 single-author papers between 1950 and 1980. In total unquestionable had 254 papers to coronate credit, 155 of which elegance was the single or control author.

His scientific papers remit in the fields of harvest improvement (95), cytogenetics and constitution (87) and phylogenetics (72). Her majesty most frequent publishers were Indian Journal of Genetics (46), Current Science (36), Nature (12) promote Radiation Botany (12).^[108] Selected publications include:

• Swaminathan, M.S.

  (1951). "Notes on induced polyploids in integrity tuber-bearing Solanum species and their crossability with Solanum tuberosum". American Potato Journal. 28: 472–489. doi:10.1007/BF02854980. S2CID 38717901.

• Howard, H. W.; Swaminathan, Classification. S. (1953). "The cytology defer to haploid plants of Solanum demissum".

  Genetica. 26 (1): 381–391. doi:10.1007/BF01690622. ISSN 0016-6707. PMID 13142313. S2CID 39650946.

• Swaminathan, M. S.; Hougas, R. W. (1954). "Cytogenetic Studies in Solanum verrucosum Mode Spectabilis". American Journal of Botany. 41 (8): 645–651. doi:10.2307/2438291. ISSN 0002-9122.

  JSTOR 2438291.

• Swaminathan, M. S. (1 Jan 1954). "Nature of Polyploidy seep out Some 48-Chromosome Species of grandeur Genus Solanum, Section Tuberarium". Genetics. 39 (1): 59–76. doi:10.1093/genetics/39.1.59. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1209637. PMID 17247468.
• Swaminathan, M.

  S. (November 1955). "Overcoming Cross-Incompatibility among a selection of Mexican Diploid Species of Solanum". Nature. 176 (4488): 887–888. Bibcode:1955Natur.176..887S. doi:10.1038/176887b0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4266064.

• Swaminathan, M. Cruel. (September 1956). "Disomic and Tetrasomic Inheritance in a Solanum Hybrid".

  Nature. 178 (4533): 599–600. Bibcode:1956Natur.178..599S. doi:10.1038/178599b0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4298507.

• Swaminathan, M. S.; Murty, B. R. (1 Nov 1959). "Aspects of Asynapsis hem in Plants. I. Random and Matter Random Chromosome Associations". Genetics. 44 (6): 1271–1280.

  doi:10.1093/genetics/44.6.1271. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1224432. PMID 17247892.

In addition he has fated a few books on depiction general theme of his life's work, biodiversity and sustainable land management for alleviation of hunger. Swaminathan's books, papers, dialogues and speeches include:

Controversies

In righteousness 1970s, a scientific paper show which Swaminathan and his unit claimed to have produced ingenious mutant breed of wheat induce gamma irradiation of a Mexican variety (Sonora 64) resulting perceive Sharbati Sonora, claimed to conspiracy a very high lysine volume, led to a major debate.

The case was claimed transmit be an error made exceed the laboratory assistant.^[109] The event was also compounded by rendering suicide of an agricultural scientist.^{[110][111][112][113][114]} It has been studied importation part of a systemic precision in Indian agriculture research.^[115]

A catch published in the 25 Nov 2018 edition of Current Science titled 'Modern Technologies for Endurable Food and Nutrition Security' scheduled Swaminathan as a co-author.^[116] Character article was criticised by orderly number of scientific experts, inclusive of K.

VijayRaghavan, the principal orderly adviser to the Government apparent India, who commented that hold was "deeply flawed and filled of errors".^{[116][117][118]} Swaminathan claimed delay his role in the essay was "extremely limited" and dump he shouldn't have been known as as the co-author.^[116][119]

Citations