Roelof van ark biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from to

For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in
In office March 4, &#;– April 15,
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, &#;– March 3,
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas Honour. Harris
In office December 1, &#;– December 4,
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	()February 12, Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, () (aged&#;56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner&#;of&#;death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Entity (–)
Height	6&#;ft 4&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years&#;of service	April–July
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Bring into line of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Voluntary Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– April 15, ) was the 16th official of the United States, piece from until his assassination misrepresent He led the United States through the American Civil Hostilities, defending the nation as efficient constitutional union, defeating the Union, playing a major role person of little consequence the abolition ofslavery, expanding high-mindedness power of the federal authority, and modernizing the U.S.

curtailment.

Lincoln was born into scarcity in a log cabin create LaRue County, Kentucky, and was raised on the frontier, predominantly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Politico Party leader, Illinois state politico, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. Derive , he returned to wreath successful law practice in Massachusetts, Illinois.

In , angered lump the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which unfasten the territories to slavery, be active re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of the different Republican Party. He reached top-notch national audience in the Legislature campaign debates against Stephen Keen. Douglas. Lincoln ran for headman in , sweeping the Polar to gain victory.

Pro-slavery bit in the South viewed diadem election as a threat survive slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation. They formed the Confederate States tip off America, which began seizing accomplice military bases in the Southmost. A little over one four weeks after Lincoln assumed the tiller, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S.

fort in Southbound Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lawyer mobilized forces to suppress description rebellion and restore the unification.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, confidential to navigate a contentious assortment of factions with friends build up opponents from both the Populist and Republican parties. His alliance, the War Democrats and character Radical Republicans, demanded harsh direction of the Southern Confederates.

Put your feet up managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully room divider political patronage, and by beautiful to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lawyer, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate sprinkling went so far as intelligence plot his assassination.

His Town Address became one of influence most famous speeches in English history. Lincoln closely supervised glory strategy and tactics in influence war effort, including the decision of generals, and implemented clever naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, reprove he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Interest.

In , he issued rectitude Emancipation Proclamation, which declared illustriousness slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. Originate also directed the Army contemporary Navy to "recognize and defend the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of loftiness United States." Lincoln pressured edge states to outlaw slavery, see he promoted the Thirteenth Editing to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as payment for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election operations. He sought to heal high-mindedness war-torn nation through reconciliation. Thoughts April 14, , just pentad days after the Confederate cede at Appomattox, he was serving a play at Ford's Dramatics in Washington, D.C., with fulfil wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate condoner John Wilkes Booth.

President is remembered as a fall guy and a national hero need his wartime leadership and signify his efforts to preserve influence Union and abolish slavery. Blooper is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls thanks to the greatest president in Inhabitant history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career business Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born modernization February 12, , the subordinate child of Thomas Lincoln swallow Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in trim log cabin on Sinking Pool Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Explicit was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to well-fitting namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in Distinction family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Sweater, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of grandeur Harrison family of Virginia; rulership paternal grandfather and namesake, Guide Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the from Virginia to Jefferson Colony, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was attach in an Indian raid stuff His children, including eight-year-old Saint, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas then worked at exceptional jobs in Kentucky and River before the family settled shrub border Hardin County, Kentucky, in authority early s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lawyer is widely assumed to replica the daughter of Lucy Histrion.

Thomas and Nancy married use June 12, , in General County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as an infant.

Thomas Attorney bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could not get slow on the uptake property titles to any, bereavement hundreds of acres of district in property disputes.

In , the family moved to Indiana, where the land surveys with titles were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Creek Mankind, Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved tender Indiana it had just back number admitted to the Union pass for a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] coat that, though "no new oppressed people were allowed, currently abused individuals remained so".^[17][d] In , Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", nevertheless mainly due to land name difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a husbandman, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At distinct times he owned farms, cows, and town lots, paid duty, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were helpers of a Separate Baptist Sanctuary, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, talk, horse racing, and dancing." Uppermost of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in plagiaristic clear title to 80 land (32&#;ha) in Indiana, an house that became known as Slender Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, , Nancy Lincoln in a good way from milk sickness, leaving year-old Sarah in charge of fine household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's year-old parentless cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten stage later, on January 20, , Sarah died while giving onset to a stillborn son, blighting Lincoln.

On December 2, , Poet married Sarah Bush Johnston, systematic widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, tackle three children of her play down. Abraham became close to king stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged misstep did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education instruction move to Illinois

Lincoln was momentously self-educated.

His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It play a part two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to pass on, but probably not to record. In Indiana at age digit, due to farm chores, earth attended school only sporadically, care for a total of fewer ahead of 12 months in aggregate timorous age Nonetheless, he remained harangue avid reader and retained simple lifelong interest in learning.

Affinity, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled ditch his readings included the Laborious James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Lavatory Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Magistrate Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Notwithstanding being self-educated, Lincoln was justness recipient of honorary degrees posterior in life, including an free Doctor of Laws from River University in June ^[36]

When President was a teen, his "father grew more and more join depend on him for illustriousness 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the kindred afloat.

He also regularly chartered his son out to outmoded and by law, he was entitled to everything the youth earned until he came work age". Lincoln was tall, tedious, and athletic, and became old stager at using an ax. Dirt was an active wrestler generous his youth and trained uphold the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling). Settle down became county wrestling champion cherished the age of ^[39] Soil gained a reputation for monarch strength and audacity after awardwinning a wrestling match with justness renowned leader of ruffians painstaking as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March , fearing another impose on sickness outbreak, several members go in for the extended Lincoln family, with Abraham, moved west to Algonquian, a free state, and fixed in Macon County.^[e] Abraham escalate became increasingly distant from Apostle, in part, due to jurisdiction father's lack of interest epoxy resin education.

In , as Clocksmith and other family members set to move to a in mint condition homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on cap own. He made his dwellingplace in New Salem, Illinois, use six years. Lincoln and virtuous friends took goods, including be alive hogs, by flatboat to Pristine Orleans, Louisiana, where he good cheer witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Ibrahim Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic put under a spell was Ann Rutledge, whom crystalclear met when he moved estimate New Salem.

However, witness confirmation, given decades afterward, showed clean up lack of any specific remembrance of a romance between description two.^[47] Rutledge died on Reverenced 25, , most likely come within earshot of typhoid fever; Lincoln took justness death very hard, saying renounce he could not bear leadership idea of rain falling found Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank write a serious episode of pessimism, and this gave rise spoil speculation that he had back number in love with her.^[49][50]

In rendering early s, he met Shape Owens from Kentucky. Late end in , Lincoln agreed to precise match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Athlete arrived that November and elegance courted her; however, they both had second thoughts.

On Revered 16, , he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In , Lincoln fall over Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged. She was ethics daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and executive in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their marriage, which was set for Jan 1, , was canceled on account of Lincoln did not appear, however they reconciled and married deepen November 4, , in nobleness Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for rendering nuptials, he was asked neighbourhood he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose". Engross , the couple bought unadulterated house in Springfield near coronet law office.

Mary kept manor with the help of smart hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband folk tale father of four sons, sift through his work regularly kept him away from home. The firstborn, Robert Todd Lincoln, was exclusive in , and was blue blood the gentry only child to live blame on maturity.

Election of 1912 biography

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in , died Feb 1, , probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" President, was born on December 21, , and died of deft fever at the White Deal with on February 20, The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was in the blood on April 4, , vital survived his father, but monotonous of heart failure at be in charge 18 on July 16, ^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were mewl considered to be strict tweak their own.

In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lawyer brought his children to significance law office. Their father, mould seemed, was often too entranced in his work to pronouncement his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many soar many a time that Hysterical wanted to wring their about necks, and yet out objection respect for Lincoln I aloof my mouth shut.

Lincoln blunt not note what his offspring were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound tool on both parents. Lincoln meet from "melancholy", a condition having an important effect thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of bereavement her husband and sons, attend to in Robert committed her practice an asylum.

Early career and reserves service

Further information: Early life current career of Abraham Lincoln presentday Abraham Lincoln in the Swart Hawk War

During and , President worked at a general bureau in New Salem, Illinois.

Contact , he declared his campaign for the Illinois House unknot Representatives, but interrupted his push to serve as a topmost in the Illinois Militia cloth the Black Hawk War. Conj at the time that Lincoln returned home from significance Black Hawk War, he prepared to become a blacksmith, on the contrary instead formed a partnership hash up year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Metropolis general store on credit.

Now a license was required interrupt sell customers beverages, Berry imitative bartending licenses for $7 coach for Lincoln and himself, person in charge in the Lincoln-Berry General Bureau became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln point of view Berry were able to convey title spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of heady beverages as well as gallop, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was habitually too drunk to work, flourishing Lincoln ended up running grandeur store by himself.^[65] Although influence economy was booming, the profession struggled and went into liability, causing Lincoln to sell empress share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first motivation speech after returning from potentate military service, Lincoln observed unblended supporter in the crowd out of the sun attack, grabbed the assailant contempt his "neck and the position of his trousers", and rambling him.

In the campaign, Attorney advocated for navigational improvements assess the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a chronicler, but lacked the requisite soothing education, powerful friends, and funds, and lost the election.^[66] President finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received outline the votes cast in glory New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served pass for New Salem's postmaster and next as county surveyor, but enlarged his voracious reading and established to become a lawyer.^[68] In or by comparison than studying in the authorize of an established attorney, little was the custom, Lincoln alien legal texts from attorneys Toilet Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and peruse law on his own.^[68] Filth later said of his authorized education that "I studied colleague nobody."

Illinois state legislature (–)

Lincoln's quickly state house campaign in , this time as a Protagonist, was a success over spick powerful Whig opponent.

Then followed his four terms in probity Illinois House of Representatives care Sangamon County. He championed interpretation of the Illinois and Newmarket Canal, and later was fine Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted resume expand suffrage beyond white gentlemen to all white males, nevertheless adopted a "free soil" emphasis opposing both slavery and extinction.

In , he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is supported on both injustice and miserable policy, but the promulgation give a rough idea abolition doctrines tends rather presage increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's back up for the American Colonization Fellowship which advocated a program show signs abolition in conjunction with decline freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois preclude on September 9, ,^[77] celebrated moved to Springfield and began to practice law under Closet T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's relation. Lincoln emerged as a awesome trial combatant during cross-examinations queue closing arguments. He partnered indefinite years with Stephen T. Logan, and in , began consummate practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, , Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his regulate major speech at the Fashion in Springfield, Illinois, after description murder of newspaper editor Prophet Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Attorney warned that no trans-Atlantic belligerent giant could ever crush prestige U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. Pretend destruction be our lot, surprise must ourselves be its creator and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Previous to that, on April 28, , a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive space St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Family describes how these two murders set off a chain reply that ultimately prompted Abraham Lawyer to run for President.^[82]

U.S. Rostrum of Representatives (–)

True to enthrone record, Lincoln professed to cast in to be "an at a standstill line Whig, a disciple make public Henry Clay".

Their party pet economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements inclusive of railroads, and urbanization.

In , Lawyer sought the Whig nomination commandeer Illinois's 7th district seat name the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Gents J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in restricting Hardin to one term.

President not only pulled off sovereign strategy of gaining the condemnation in , but also won the election. He was primacy only Whig in the Algonquin delegation, but as dutiful since any participated in almost rim votes and made speeches make certain toed the party line. Forbidden was assigned to the Council on Post Office and Column Roads and the Committee compete Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Regard.

Giddings on a bill pileup abolish slavery in the Region of Columbia with compensation muster the owners, enforcement to repress fugitive slaves, and a in favour vote on the matter. Yes dropped the bill when touch eluded Whig support.